36계(三十六計) / 패전계(敗戰計)

三十六計
36 계
The 36 Strategies of War

A recently uncovered notebook of 36 proverbs commented as military tactics

that helps dealing with conflicts. Tr. Verstappen (en)

佚名
작자미상

author unknown

제6 장 패전계(敗戰計)
Chapter 6: Stratagems for desperate situations

패전계란 전쟁에서 패하거나 극히 열악한 상황 속에서 취하는 전술을 말한다.

---

第三一計 美人計
兵强者，攻其將；兵智者，伐其情。將弱兵頹，其勢自萎。利用御寇，順相保也[1]。

제31계

미인계(美人計) 남자치고 미인을 싫어하는 사람은 없다.

그래서 천하를 지배하는 것은 남자지만 그 남자를 요리하는 것은여자이다
: 적의 병력이 강하면 그 장수를 공략하도록 하고,

장수의 지모가 뛰어나면 그 예리한 통찰력을 약화시켜라.

장수의 지모가 약화되면 그 부대는 사기가 저하되어 그 기세는 반드시 위축되기 마련이다.

마음속 깊이 자신의 복수 의지를 숨겨놓고

적 내부의 약점을 이용해 공략해야 비로소 확실하게 자신의 실력을 발휘할 수 있다.

The Strategy of Beautiful Women

Send your enemy beautiful women to cause discord within his camp. This strategy can work on three levels. First, the ruler becomes so enamored with the beauty that he neglects his duties and allows his vigilance to wane. Second, other males at court will begin to display aggressive behavior that inflames minor differences hindering co-operation and destroying morale. Third, other females at court, motivated by jealousy and envy, begin to plot intrigues further exasperating the situation.

제31계는 미인계(美人計)이니 미인을보내유혹하여 판단력을 흐리게 만드는 것이다.
세력이 강한 군대는 그 장수를 공격하고 지략이 뛰어난 자는 색정을 이용한다.

장수가 약해지고 병사가 퇴폐에 흐르게 되면 전투의지가 꺾이는 법이다.

이렇게 적의 약점을 이용하여 아군을 보전한다.

Han Dynasty China

In 199 BC the Han emperor, Gaozu personally led his army against the invading Xiongnu. The emperor, however, was no match against the cunning tribesmen and he was led into a trap and suffered serious casualties. (See chapter 15) He and his remaining forces retreated to the city of Pingcheng for refuge but were surrounded by some 300,000 horsemen. There the emperor remained surrounded for seven days with no possibility of bringing in either provisions or reinforcements. The emperor thought here was nothing left to do but surrender when his advisor, Chen Ping, came up with another strategy. Chen had a painting made of a beautiful Chinese princess that he secretly delivered to the wife of the Xiongnu commander. Along with the painting he sent a message that read: `My Emperor intends to surrender to your husband and so to win his favor he is sending him a present of one of China's famous beauties to be his concubine.' When the Xiongnu commander's wife saw the painting and read the note she was mad with jealousy. Fearing that such a beautiful rival would steal her husband's affections, she persuaded her husband to lift the siege and return home. The next morning when the emperor awoke he discovered the Xiongnu had left and he was able to return safely to his capital.

*《易經》漸卦

---

第三二計 空城計
虛者虛之，疑中生疑；剛柔之際，奇而復奇。

제32계

공성계(空城計) 철저히 비움으로써 적을 두렵게 하라
: 병력이 없는 상황에서일부러 방비가 없음을 드러내 놓음으로서

적으로 하여금 의혹을 품도록 하여 우군이 강한지 혹은 약한지를 분간하지 못하도록 한다.

공성계에는 두 가지종류가 있다. 하나는 정세가 갑자기 긴급해졌을 때

허위진지를 구축하여 적을 혼란스럽게 하여 위기를 면하도록 하는 것이고,

또 하나는 계획적으로 철수하고 적을 더 깊이 몰아 넣은 다음 포위하여 섬멸하는 것이다.

The Strategy of Open City Gates

When the enemy is superior in numbers and your situation is such that you expect to be overrun at any moment, then drop all pretence of military preparedness and act casually. Unless the enemy has an accurate description of your situation this unusual behavior will arouse suspicions. With luck he will be dissuaded from attacking.

제32계는 공성계(空城計)이니 빈 성으로 적을 유인해 미궁에 빠뜨리는 것이다.
아군의 군대가 열세일 때, 방어하지 않는 것처럼 보이게 하여 적을 혼란에 빠뜨린다.

적이 강하고 아군이 약한 상황에서, 이 계책은 교묘하고 또 교묘한 것이다.

Three Kingdoms Period China

In 149 BC, the famous strategist Kong Ming of Shu, launched an attack against the state of Wei by sending an advance force to scout for the enemy. Leading the army of Wei was Suma-I who also sent an advance force of fifty thousand troops. The two vanguards met and engaged in battle but the Wei forces were superior and won the day. The defeated Shu vanguard raced back to the main body of Kong Ming's army whose troops, seeing the look of fear in the faces of their comrades, thought that the enemy was upon them and fled in panic. Kong Ming and a few bodyguards fled to the city of Yangping with the Wei army in hot pursuit. Vastly outnumbered and unable to either retreat or sustain a siege, Kong Ming played a last resort strategy that made him famous throughout China. He removed all the guards and battle flags from the walls and had all four of the city gates flung open. When Suma-I approached the city he could see only a few old men nonchalantly sweeping the grounds within the gates. Kong-Ming was seen sitting in one of the towers smiling and playing his lute. Suma-I remarked to his advisors: "That man seems to be too happy for my comfort. Doubtless he has some deep laid scheme in mind to bring us all to disaster." As they stood spell bound, the strains of Kong Ming's lute reached their ears and this only heightened their sense of foreboding. Such peculiar behavior was too suspicious and, fearing a clever trap, Suma-I turned his army back and retreated. After the army left Kong Ming and his remaining troops departed in the opposite direction and made their way safely back to their capital.

*《左傳 哀公十一年》,《易經》解卦

---

第三三計 反間計
疑中之疑。比之自內，不自失也。

제33계

반간계(反間計) 적의 첩자 역이용하라
:거짓으로 소문을 퍼뜨려, 진영내에 숨어 있는 적의 첩자에게 허위 정보를 취하도록 하여

첩자로 인한 손실을 피한다. 첩자를 이용하는 방법에는 다섯 가지가 있다.

즉 인간(因間), 내간(內間), 반간(反間), 사간(死間), 생간(生間)이다.

이것을 일컬어 오간(五間)이라 하고 그 뜻은 아래와 같다.

因間은 적국의 현지인을 我國의 첩자로 이용하는 것이고,

內間은 적국의 관원을 아국의 정보원으로 매수하는 것이고,

反間은 적이 아국을 정탐하기 위해 파견된 첩자를 굴복시켜

아국이 이용하여 반대로 적의 정보를 탐지하는 것이고,

死間은 고의로 정보를 날조하여 군사 상황을 누설하여

아국의 간첩으로 하여금 들어 알게 하고 적에게 전하여

적으로 하여금의혹을 일게 하는 것이다.

The Strategy of Sowing Discord

Undermine your enemy's ability to fight by secretly causing discord between him and his friends, allies, advisors, family, commanders, soldiers, and population. While he is preoccupied settling internal disputes his ability to attack or defend, is compromised.

제33계는 반간계(反間計)이니 적의 첩자를 역이용하는 것이다.
반간계야말로 적에 대한 기만전술 중 으뜸가는 것이다.

적의 첩자를 역이용함으로써 아무런 손실없이 적을 물리칠 수 있는 법이다.

Six Dynasties Period China

In the later Wei dynasty, the emperor Tai Wu led a hundred thousand troops against the Song general Zang Zhi. The emperor, with his superior forces, chased general Zhang to the city of Yu where he was cornered. The city was strongly fortified and so the emperor planned to surround it and starve the defenders into surrender. Feeling confident of his position, the emperor sent a cart carrying a large jar of wine to the city gate with the message asking for the traditional exchange of wine before commencing his siege of the city. Zang Zhi knew that he needed to fight a decisive battle quickly, or suffer defeat, saw this as an opportunity. He sent some soldiers to gratefully accept the jar of wine and in turn deliver another large jar sealed with the wine maker's stamp. When a cup of this wine was poured for the emperor it was discovered to be urine. This caused the emperor a humiliating loss of face before his own troops and in a rage ordered an immediate assault on the city. The defenders were well prepared and the bodies of the slain imperial troops piled up nearly to the top of the ramparts.In his haste and anger the emperor lost half his forces.

*《易經》比卦

---

第三四計 苦肉計
人不自害，受害必眞；假眞眞假，間以得行。童蒙之吉，順以巽也。

제34계

고육계(苦肉計) 죽는것 보다 팔 하나 없는 것이 낫다.
: 사람은 스스로 상처를 낼 수 없는 법이다.

따라서 부상을 당했다면 반드시 실제 상황으로 믿을 것이다.

이쪽에서 거짓을 진실인 양 꾸며 적으로 하여금 의심하지 않도록 할 수 있다면,

이간계(離間計)는 성공할 수 있을 것이다.

그러나 이 계책을 사용할 때는 극도로 신중해야 한다.

왜냐하면 상처를 입은것은 일의 시작일 뿐, 확실한 성공의 확신이 없기 때문이다.

The Strategy of Injuring Yourself

Pretending to be injured has two possible applications. In the first, the enemy is lulled into relaxing his guard since he no longer considers you to be an immediate threat. The second is a way of ingratiating yourself to your enemy by pretending the injury was caused by a mutual enemy.

제34계는 고육계(苦肉計)이니 자신을 희생해 적을 안심시키는 것이다.
사람은 스스로에게 상처를 입히지 않는 법이므로, 상처를 입었다면 그것은 사실일 것이다.

이 점을 이용하여 적으로 하여금 자신의 말을 믿게 만든다.

진실을 거짓으로 가장하고 거짓을 진실로 꾸며 행동한다.

Edo Period Japan

During the Tokugawa period, Kaei Juzo a former spy had come under suspicion and was in danger of being assassinated. It turned out that the man sent to kill him was a former acquaintance called Tonbe. Not wishing to kill his old friend, Tonbe and Juzo worked out the classic ploy as follows. Tonbe brought Juzo back as a prisoner to the Shogun. Juzo begged the Shogun to allow him one last dignity, permission to commit Harakiri. The Shogun, curious to see the notorious spy's bravery in death, allowed him that privilege. Juzo was given a tanto (dagger) that he plunged into his belly, and, cutting sideways, spilled his intestines onto the ground before falling over. The guards removed the body and threw it in the castle's moat. A short time later Juzo quietly swum to shore and escaped the district. Knowing that his warrior's reputation would merit him the right of committing Harakiri, Juzo had strapped a dead fox across his abdomen, when the fox's intestines spilled out it was indistinguishable from human intestines.

*《易經》蒙卦

---

第三五計 連環計
將多兵衆，不可以敵，使其自累，以殺其勢。在師中吉，承天寵也。

제35계

연환계(連環計) 상대방에게 의심의 족쇄를 채워놓고 공격하라
: 적의 병력이 강해 정면 승부를 할 수 없을 경우는 모략을 사용해 서로 견제하도록 만들어

적의 전투력을 감소시켜야 한다. 연환계는 일종의 권모술수를 운용하는 것이고

상대방에게연쇄적인 반응을 일으키게 하거나, 또는 다방면으로 마찰을 일으키게 하는 계책이다.

The Tactic of Combining Tactics

In important matters one should use several strategies applied simultaneously. Keep different plans operating in an overall scheme; in this manner if any one strategy fails you would still have several others to fall back on.

제35계는 연환계(連環計)이니 여러 가지 계책을 연결시키는 것이다.
적의 병력이 강할 때는 무모하게 공격해서는 안된다.

적의 내부를 교란시켜 그 세력을 약화시켜야 한다.

훌륭한 지도자는 하늘의 은총을 얻어 전쟁을 승리로 이끈다.

Warring States Era China

In 284 BC the state of Yan attacked and defeated Qi. The remaining Qi forces under the command of Tien Tan fled to the city of Ji Mo for a last stand. First, Tien Tan had the womenfolk line the city walls and beg for a peaceful surrender while he sent gold and treasure collected from the city's wealthiest citizens to general Qi Che with a note asking that the women and children be spared in return for the peaceful surrender of the city. These events convinced Qi Che that the city was truly about to capitulate and he allowed his troops to relax their guard. After this careful preparation Tien Tan felt the time was right to launch his counter attack. First he had the citizens of the city gather with drums and cooking pots and instructed them that on a signal they were to make as much noise as possible. He then had breaches made along the city walls from the inside. Next a herd of cattle was painted in bizarre patterns and knives and sickles tied to their horns and torches tied to their tails. Just before daylight three events occurred in rapid succession. The citizens within the city struck up a cacophony of noise that startled the sleeping Yan troops. Then the torches on the tails of the cattle were lit and they were released through the breaches in the wall. The enraged animals ran madly about the Yen camp killing stunned troops with their horns and setting fire to tents with their tails. Then Qi's crack troops rushed out from the gates to attack the now terrified and utterly confused troops. Tien Tan defeated the Yan army and went on to take more than seventy cities.

*《易經》師卦,《歷代名將用兵方略 宋》

---

第三六計 走爲上計
全師避敵。左次無咎，未失常也。

제36계

주위상계(走爲上計) 아무리 꾀를 써도 여의치 않으면도망쳐라

If All Else Fails Retreat

If it becomes obvious that your current course of action will lead to defeat then retreat and regroup.

제36계는 주위상계(走爲上計)이니 별다른 방법이 없을 때 도망치는전략이다.
아무리 애를 써도 안되면 죽기 전에 도망치는 것이 상책이다.

강한 적과 싸워 도저히 이길 방법이 없을 때는

퇴각하여 다시 공격할 기회를 기다리는 것도 허물이 되지 않는다.

불리할 때는 도망쳐서 다음 기회를 기다리는 것도

종종사용되는 좋은 군사전략의 하나이다.

Ming Dynasty China

The Ming emperor Hwei Ti, had disposed of all his uncles except one who feigned madness. (See chapter 27) This very uncle, the prince of Yan, in 1403 led a huge army to the capital of Nanking to seize the throne. The city was surrounded and the emperor considered committing suicide when he was stopped by a eunuch who told him that his grandfather, the emperor Hong Wu, had left a chest in his care with orders that should any great crisis occur to threaten the dynasty then the reigning emperor should open the chest.

"Let us open it at once then," said the emperor, "and see what my father would do were he here now." When the lid was lifted the box was found to contain the robes of a Buddhist monk, a diploma, a razor, and ten ingots of silver. The emperor understood the meaning at once and with a handful of attendants fled the palace through a secret tunnel to a Buddhist temple. There he shaved his head and put on the robes. He made his way out of the city and all the way to Sichuan province where he lived in obscurity in a remote monastery.

Meanwhile the palace had burned down during the fighting and it was assumed that the emperor had died in the fire. Forty years later during the rein of emperor Ying Tsung (the fourth since Hwei Ti's time) an old Buddhist priest arrived at court and claimed to be the old emperor Hwei Ti. It turned out the man was an imposter but a rumor began that Hwei Ti was still alive. To quell the rumors and settle the issue, an official investigation was made which discovered that Hwei Ti was indeed still alive living as a Buddhist priest. The old emperor was invited back to the capital with great ceremony and he lived out his last days as a guest in the palace. However, he was kept under a watchful eye.

*《易經》師卦, 《戰略考 南宋》

---

참고사이트

http://afpc.asso.fr/wengu/wg/wengu.php?l=36ji

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_Strategies
http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E8%A8%88